ROLE CONFLICT, AMBIGUITY, AND OVERLOAD: A 21-NATION STUDY.
研究了21国中层管理者的角色冲突、模糊性和超负荷，发现这些压力因国家而异，且与权力距离、集体主义等文化维度相关。
The extent of role conflict, role ambiguity, and role overload reported by middle managers from 21 nations was related to national scores on power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity. We adapted earlier role stress scales and assessed equivalence using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Role stresses varied more by country than by personal and organizational characteristics. Data were aggregated to the national level. Power distance and collectivism were negatively related to role ambiguity and positively related to role overload.