Hatred and Profits: Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan*
结合1920和1930年美国人口普查及档案数据，分析1920年代三K党的成员特征及其社会政治影响，发现成员教育水平较高，但该组织对黑人流动和选举影响有限，更像一个多层级营销的社会组织。
Abstract In this article, we analyze the 1920s Ku Klux Klan, those who joined it, and its social and political impact by combining a wide range of archival data sources with data from the 1920 and 1930 U.S censuses. We find that individuals who joined the Klan in some cities were more educated and more likely to hold professional jobs than the typical American. Surprisingly, we find little evidence that the Klan had an effect on black or foreign-born residential mobility or vote totals. Rather than a terrorist organization, the 1920s Klan is best described as social organization with a very successful multilevel marketing structure fueled by an army of highly incentivized sales agents selling hatred, religious intolerance, and fraternity in a time and place where there was tremendous demand.