Working-time reduction and employment: experiences in Europe and economic policy recommendations
评估欧洲过去20年集体缩短工作时间对就业的影响，发现成功需要配套培训、工作组织现代化、工资与生产率同步增长及更公平的收入分配。
The paper seeks to evaluate the evidence on the employment effects of the collective working-time reductions in Europe over the past 20 years. While theoretical analyses produce contradictory assessments, most empirical studies show positive employment effects but take insufficient account of these conditions under which the reductions in working time were implemented. These conditions for the success of collective working-time reductions include an active training policy designed to minimise skill shortages in the labour market, the modernisation of work organisation, wage increases in conjunction with productivity gains and a more equal income distribution. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press.