Triangular design: a new organizational geometry
提出一种三角组织几何模型，将合作、控制与自主作为三个设计变量，强调三者平衡，并指出常见组织设计的失败原因及实际应用方法。
Executive Overview Conventional approaches to organizational design are dominated by the issue of centralization versus decentralization. Rarely is cooperation or “teamwork” explicitly considered. And when it is, this variable is regarded as a subordinate overlay to organizational design—something that may be helpful, but is not essential. Hence, the state of corporate teamwork remains well below what it could be. Keidel proposes a triangular organizational geometry in which cooperation is a design criterion, along with control (a concept that encompasses centralization) and autonomy (decentralization). The design challenge is to strike the right balance among these three variables. The organizational design framework developed in this article identifies explicit tradeoffs that every organization must make and explains why certain organizational designs are failure-prone. Practical ways to apply triangular design are suggested.