The Management Practices of Japanese Subsidiaries Overseas
研究了日本在美国、欧洲及欠发达国家的子公司的人力资源管理问题，发现其管理风格分为改良本地型和改良日本型，存在决策集中、对本地经理信任度低等问题，质疑日本管理技术对他国的适应性。
This article discusses the manpower management problems of Japanese subsidiaries in the U.S., Europe, and less-developed countries. Two different styles of management are identified among Japanese overseas subsidiaries: the modified local system and the modified Japanese system. Rather than replicating the Japanese style of management outside Japan, Japanese subsidiaries overseas are characterized by centralization of decision making, low levels of trust for local managers, ceilings on promotion for locally employed managers, and problems with unions and equal employment regulations. The success of Japanese companies overseas is primarily due to attention to work detail, discipline at the shop floor, and superior operations management and technology. This evidence raises serious questions about the adaptability of Japanese management techniques to other countries and societies.