Control systems and strategic adaptation: Lessons from the Japanese experience
构建了文化控制模型，与官僚控制模型对比，解释日本文化控制与美国官僚控制企业的战略适应过程，并讨论两种控制类型的战略成本与收益。
Abstract A model of cultural control is developed and contrasted with the more familiar bureaucratic control model. This model is used to explain processes of strategic adaptation as observed in Japanese cultural control and American bureaucratic control firms. A discussion of the strategic costs and benefits to the organization associated with each type of control is then presented.