Disease and Development in Historical Perspective
认为疾病环境对经济发展的主要影响并非通过健康直接作用于收入，而是通过影响制度间接实现；殖民时期不同疾病环境对制度路径产生重大影响，进而决定经济增长。
Health conditions and disease environments are important for economic outcomes. This paper argues that the main impact of disease environments on the economic development of nations is not due to the direct effect of health conditions on income, but rather because of their indirect effect via institutions. Health does affect income directly, but this can explain only a small fraction of today's differences in per capita income. In contrast, when previously isolated populations came into contact during the period of European colonial expansion, differences in disease environments had a major impact on the path of institutional development and consequently first-order consequences for economic growth.