Observed punishment spillover effects: a laboratory investigation of behavior in a social dilemma
通过实验室实验研究社会困境中惩罚的溢出效应，发现观察他人受罚会影响自身行为，但方向取决于个人惩罚历史和是否免于惩罚。
Abstract Punishment has been shown to be an effective reinforcement mechanism. Intentional or not, punishment will likely generate spillover effects that extend beyond one’s immediate decision environment, and these spillovers are not as well understood. We seek to understand these secondary spillover effects in a controlled lab setting using a standard social dilemma: the voluntary contributions mechanism. We find that spillovers occur when others observe punishment outside their own social dilemma. However, the direction of the spillover effect depends crucially on personal punishment history and whether one is personally exempt from punishment or not.