INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
基于经济学视角，将国际环境问题分为单向外部性、区域互惠外部性和全球外部性三类，分别以上下游国家、欧洲酸雨和温室效应为例，探讨了信息问题和可交易出口权等解决方案。
A simple taxonomy of international environmental problems is developed, based on economic considerations. The unidirectional externalities are illustrated by the case of one upstream and one downstream country. The main problem in this case is an informational one. The analysis of regional reciprocal externalities is illustrated by the acid rains in Europe. It is shown that an efficient solution could be achieved by transferable "export" rights. Finally, global external problems are discussed with reference to greenhouse effects and extinction of species. Copyright 1990 by Oxford University Press.