Productivity Growth and Pollution in State Manufacturing
使用方向性产出距离函数构建Malmquist-Luenberger指数，测算同时产出好产出和坏产出（有毒排放）的制造业全要素生产率增长，发现1988-1994年间年均增长1.4%，且忽略有毒排放会显著低估生产率增长。
The directional output distance function (Chambers, Chung, & Fre, 1996) is used to construct a Malmquist-Luenberger index of total factor productivity growth for manufacturing when both good and bad outputs are jointly produced. The index is constructed using information on good and bad output quantities and input quantities, circumventing the problem of recovering shadow price information for the bad output needed for the Fisher or Tornqvist type of productivity indices. Accounting for toxic releases in manufacturing, productivity growth averages 1.4% an-nually during 19881994. The findings also suggest that the failure to account for toxic releases in manufacturing results in a significant under-statement of total factor productivity growth. 2000 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology