CEO Attitudes as Determinants of Organization Design: An Integrated Model
提出CEO的社会心理态度（如成就需求、控制点、模糊容忍度等）是组织设计的关键权变因素，解释了为何实际设计偏离权变理论预测，并推导了相关命题。
This paper argues that micro-level individual properties may be expressed in choices of macro-level organizational features. In particular, we believe that social-psychological attitudes of chief executive officers and general managers are a critical contingency in organization design and strategy that has not been developed sufficiently in previous studies. When actual organization designs devi ate from contingency-theory prescriptions, individual properties of top managers may account for within-industry variation. These attitudes include need for achievement, Machiavellianism, locus of control, egalitarianism, trust in people, tolerance for ambiguity, risk propensity, and level of moral reasoning. A compre hensive theory and summary propositions are deduced from related research. The theory includes prediction of the circumstances that facilitate and impede top managers' abilities to design organizations according to their preferences.