The Transformation of the American Office: Changes in Employment and Technology
研究了1870至1930年间美国办公室引入机械设备、工作细分和常规化如何改变文员就业，尤其是女性就业，发现新技术通过降低技能要求增加了女性文员的雇佣。
Between 1870 and 1930 production methods in American offices changed substantially as mechanical devices were introduced and work was subdivided and routinized. This paper explores connections between these technological advances and changes in clerical emplyment, particularly the employment of women in offices. A close correspondence is found between the timing of changes in the sex composition of clerical employment and the adoption of new techniques. It is argued that the new technology led to increased hiring of female clerical workers by reducing the form-specific skill requirements for clerical jobs.