EMPLOYEE PROPENSITY TO WITHHOLD EFFORT: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO INTERSECT THREE AVENUES OF RESEARCH
提出一个概念模型，整合心理学、社会学和经济学三条研究路径，解释员工为何保留努力（即偷懒或消极怠工），对管理者理解员工激励有参考价值。
Roland E. Kidwell, Jr., Nathan Bennett, Employee Propensity to Withhold Effort: A Conceptual Model to Intersect Three Avenues of Research, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Jul., 1993), pp. 429-456