Competition and Rail Rates for the Shipment of Corn, Soybeans, and Wheat
研究1980年《斯塔格斯铁路法》后，铁路公司对三种农产品出口运输的运价竞争，发现水运和铁路竞争均显著影响运价，且两种竞争存在交互作用。
This article investigates the extent and importance of rate competition among railroads for the export shipment of three narrowly defined agricultural commodities since passage of the Staggers Rail Act of 1980, which increased the railroads' freedom to set rates. I construct measures of intermodal and intramodal competition, and find that each has strong impacts on rail rates. The farther a shipper is from competing water transportation, the more considerably rates rise. Rates fall as railroad competition in a region increases. There appears to be some interaction between intermodal and intramodal competition. I find that the competitive effects of two proposed rail mergers depend on the vigor of intermodal competition from truck and water transport and on the change in interrailroad competition that results from the reduced number of competing rail systems.