WHAT IS THE PROBLEM OF RETRENCHMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION? [I]
探讨了高等教育紧缩背景下的单环与双环组织学习，通过研究型大学模型揭示了内部资源再分配、项目取消和整合领导力的障碍，并建议在保留现有规范、目标和结构的同时，寻找提高效率的替代方案。
ABSTRACT Single‐ and double‐loop organizational learning are discussed in the context of retrenchment in higher education. A model of the research university illuminates impediments to internal resource reallocation, programme elimination and integrative leadership, and suggests the need for alternatives to usual efforts to increase efficiency while retaining existing norms, goals, and organizational structures.