Economic Observation and Measurement in Russia Before 1917: Surveying Typicalities and Sampling Totalities
以19世纪俄罗斯的政府统计部门、帝国自由经济学会和地方自治局等观察机构为案例，分析A.I.丘普罗夫、门捷列夫等经济学家关于观察方法的争论，并探讨列宁等马克思主义者对观察实践的政治影响。
This article provides a case study of the development of observational methodology and techniques in a non-Western country. It does so by first considering various institutions of observation that existed in Russia across the nineteenth century, such as government statistical departments, the Imperial Free Economic Society, and the zemstvo. This is then followed by an analysis of debates that occurred over observational methodology between various Russian economists such as A. I. Chuprov, A. A. Chuprov, D. I. Mendeleev, and A. V. Chayanov, and a consideration of the use such observations were put to by others such as S. N. Prokopovich. The political ramifications of different observational practices are outlined, for example, by Marxists such as V. I. Lenin and M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky, and the link considered to exist by some economists between social and natural scientific techniques of observation is scrutinized.