The Impact of Participation in Intercollegiate Athletics on Income and Graduation
研究发现，参与校际体育的男性年收入比非运动员高4%，但女性无此溢价；男女运动员的毕业率均更高，可能因体育培养了自律、自信等成功特质。
Males who participated in intercollegiate athletics are estimated to receive 4 percent higher annual incomes than similar nonathletes. No such income premium associated with college athletics is revealed among females. Both male and female athletes who attended colleges and universities in the early 1970s had higher graduation rates than other students. Since the models used to estimate income and graduation differentials included many measurable determinants of labor market and academic outcomes, these findings suggest that athletic participation may enhance the development of discipline, confidence, motivation, a competitive spirit, or other subjective traits that encourage success. Copyright 1991 by MIT Press.