Science versus Profit in Research
区分科学（非市场机制）与技术（市场机制），论证两者在同一研究领域内应共存，并以人类基因组测序竞赛为例，为公共研究的最优规模提供政策指南。
This paper deals with Science and Technology in research policy. Following recent literature on the economics of knowledge, Science and Technology are defined as distinct institutional arrangements, broadly corresponding to nonmarket and market allocation mechanisms. Previous analyses argued that Science and Technology can and should coexist within an economic system or society. This paper shows that Science and Technology tend to coexist—and should coexist on welfare grounds—also within the same research field, and even when researchers are perfectly identical. Our analysis was inspired by the race to sequence the human genome, but the proposed theoretical framework can also be used to assess the recent evolution of other research fields, e.g., research on GMOs. The paper also provides guidelines for policies designed to achieve the optimal size of public research within a given research field.