Observation and Observing in Economics
区分了观察作为活动与结果、观察与量化测量的不同，探讨经济学家观察经济的历史维度，揭示观察者与被观察者之间的复杂互动，适合对经济学方法论和认识论感兴趣的学者。
Two themes are generative for revealing and understanding the history of observation in economics. First, we argue for the importance of noting that observation is an activity as well as a result, and second that observation is no more identical with quantification than observing is with measuring. These two themes enable us to discuss different historical dimensions of the ways in which economists have observed their economies and so enlarge our understanding of their observational practices. These problematics especially help in delineating the intricate, multilayered, and active interactions between the observer and the observed that take place in all social science observation, and from which our pictures of the economic world emerge.