Watch the Time Carefully: The Use and Misuse of Time Effects in Management Research
评估了管理研究者如何定义和操作时间效应，通过分析1988-1992年两本顶级期刊的文章，识别出五种方法及三种常见的时间序列错误，对研究时间效应的学者有警示作用。
This article assesses how management researchers have used, and in some cases misused, time effects in their research designs, data analyses, and interpretations. Drawing from a content analysis of studies appearing in the Academy of Management Journal and Administrative Science Quarterly over the years 1988-1992, five different approaches for defining and operationalizing time effects are identified. Evaluation within and across these five approaches reveals three recurring patterns of “time series errors. ” The implications of these “errors “for studies with, and on time are provided.