A comparison of the grade of membership measure with alternative health indicators in explaining costs for older people
比较了等级隶属度（GoM）技术与三种常用健康指标（日常生活活动能力指数、健康状况指数、自评健康）在解释老年人医疗成本上的表现，发现GoM和ADL指数效果较好。
An important focus in empirical econometric studies of health care concerns estimation of the relationship with health. This paper describes a non-parametric technique, the grade of membership (GoM) procedure, which is used to construct summary indicators of health. Health status is also assessed using three alternative measures commonly employed in the literature: an index of problems of activities of daily living (ADL), an index of health conditions and overall self-rated health. Using data from a sample of frail older people, the relationship between costs and different measures of health are estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variables (IV) methods. The results show that health influences costs more strongly than other variables, an effect which persists after controlling for potential endogeneity. It is shown that health can be usefully classified using GoM techniques. An alternative measure, based on an index of ADL, also performs well. Measures based on overall self-assessed health and the number of health conditions present were less satisfactory. Although health indicators derived from GoM techniques may be more theoretically attractive, in terms of capturing more fully the multidimensional nature of health, simpler alternatives such as those based on ADL indices may offer practical computational advantages.