Strategic Pricing of New Pharmaceuticals
实证分析影响新药上市及上市后4、6、8年价格的主要因素，发现治疗进步程度最重要，重要治疗突破的新药定价可达现有同类药物的2-3倍，而仿制药品定价相近；品牌替代品数量对上市价格有显著负向影响，反映竞争压力。
This paper provides empirical evidence on the leading factors affecting the prices of new pharmaceuticals, both at introduction and after 4, 6, and 8 years. Most important is the extent of therapeutic advance embodied in a new product. For drugs which represent important therapeutic gains, launch prices can be two or three times those of existing drugs used for the same purposes, while drugs that largely duplicate the actions of currently available products are typically priced at comparable levels. In addition, the number of branded substitutes has a substantial negative effect on launch prices, which reflects the importance of competitive pressures. Duplicate products thereby play an important economic role in pharmaceutical markets. © 1998 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology