Clarence Ayres, technology, pragmatism and progress
探讨克拉伦斯·艾尔斯将技术定义为包含物理工具和科学推理方法的过程，其概念源于实用主义哲学，对理解技术变革的利弊仍有参考价值。
This paper explores the origins and continued relevance of Clarence Ayres' definition of technology as a process involving both physical tools and a scientific method of reasoning, where science is understood to achieve cross-cultural explanatory power by virtue of technological validation. Ayres' concept of technology derived from his training as a Pragmatist and was primarily philosophical rather than descriptive, but is congruent with the work of modern historians of technology and remains useful in addressing a variety of concerns about both the promise and dangers of technological change. Copyright The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.