Rational drug design, the knowledge value chain and bioscience megacentres
追踪医疗健康产业中科学型集群的兴起及其对经济地理和政策的影响，聚焦生物科学取代精细化学在药物研发中的主导地位，以及知识价值链过度集中催生的区域科学战略。
This paper seeks to trace important shifts and cluster evolution in the healthcare industry. Its key aim is to examine the implications of the rise of science-based clusters for economic geography and related policies. A special focus is biosciences and the rise of 'biologics' more generally at the expense of fine chemistry in drug development. The old agglomerations of pharmacy are no longer leaders in knowledge exploration, as universities, research laboratories and medical schools take over research, they are beginning to lose prominence to dedicated biotechnology firms (DBFs) in knowledge examination, and retain their most important involvement as financiers and marketers of DBF exploitation knowledge. This has profound geographical as well as industry organisation equilibrium effects. Over-concentration of the bioscientific knowledge value chain has given rise to the new spatial policy practice of developing regional science strategies. Aspects of these are commented upon. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.