Causality in Macroeconomics
讨论宏观经济学中因果关系的哲学基础，反驳经验主义对因果概念的质疑，主张在经济学中恰当使用因果语言有助于推进研究。
Economists, occasionally a little behind the philosophical times, may be surprised to see the metaphysical concept of causality wielded with such confidence and lack of apology as it is here. After all, Hume's conundrum, that we cannot justify causal statements using only observational evidence, has often been interpreted as a more‐or‐less irredeemable philosophical disaster. The empiricist star has waned, however, and the undue emphasis it placed on sense‐data has lessened. Alternative, more positive interpretations have become possible. The impossibility of deriving cause from association is seen to indicate, not so much the inexplicability, but rather the autonomy, of cause. Causes indeed offer us a way forward when laws seem hard to come by, as is usually the case in economics. In failing to use causal language when it is appropriate we are being mealy‐mouthed. No apology from Hoover, other than his convincing rebuttals of attempts to regard cause as a...