How Robust Is the Microeconomic Theory of the Trade Union?
论证标准工会模型的预测及其区分检验对常规假设的微小合理变化不稳健，特别考虑劳动与资本事后替代性小于事前替代性的影响，表明许多关于工会效应的传统观点在此框架下未必成立。
This article argues that the predictions of standard trade-union models and the tests for distinguishing between these models are not robust to quite small and reasonable changes in the conventional assumptions. In particular, it considers the effect of assuming that the ex post substitutability between labor and capital is less than the ex ante substitutability. The paper shows that much of the conventional wisdom about the effects of trade unions is not necessarily true in this framework. Copyright 1994 by University of Chicago Press.