Consumer's Surplus Revisited
提出一种利用马歇尔需求关系近似计算福利指标的方法，无需解微分方程，易于图示，适合教学和实证研究。
Abstract A technique for approximating welfare measures using knowledge of the Marshallian demand relation is developed and compared numerically to the true measures and other approximations. The technique does not rely on the solution of differential equations and is easily illustrated graphically. The technique should be useful as a pedagogic device and applicable in empirical work when derivation of the indirect utility function is burdensome.