Disagreements, Spinoffs, and the Evolution of Detroit as the Capital of the U.S. Automobile Industry
提出一个理论：员工与在位企业意见不合时，会创办同行业的衍生企业，并用1895-1966年美国汽车工业所有企业的数据验证，发现底特律的集聚源于早期成功企业及其衍生企业，而非传统集聚经济。
The agglomeration of the automobile industry around Detroit, Michigan is explained using a theory in which disagreements lead employees of incumbent firms to found spinoffs in the same industry. Predictions of the theory concerning entry and firm survival are tested using data on the origin, location, and years of production of every entrant into the industry from 1895 to 1966. The geographic concentration of the industry is attributed to four early successful entrants and the many successful spinoffs they spawned in the Detroit area and not to conventional agglomeration economies benefiting co-located firms, as featured in modern theories of agglomeration. Implications of the findings regarding firm strategy are discussed.