Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education: An Examination of Women and Minorities
发现女性和少数族裔也存在文凭效应，且低学历阶段效应小于白人男性，高学历阶段则更大，支持了信号模型关于少数族裔对低生产率信号回报更小、对高生产率信号回报更大的观点。
Recent confirmation of sheepskin effects in the returns to education for prime age white males has been taken as evidence of screening or signaling in the labor market. The authors report evidence of sheepskin effects among women and minority males, and demonstrate that they are somewhat smaller for lower diploma years, but larger for higher diploma years, than those of white males. These are among the first broad-based results confirming the frequent contention derived from signaling models that minorities have smaller returns to low productivity signals, but larger returns to high productivity signals. Copyright 1991 by MIT Press.