Prices, Planners, and Producers: an Agency Problem in Soviet Industry, 1928–1950
研究了苏联计划者如何用“1926/27年不变价格”解决代理问题，即约束生产者在完成以卢布计价的多样化产品计划时的自利行为，但该系统未能完全消除机会主义，最终在1950年废除后又恢复。
Soviet planners developed the “unchanged prices of 1926/27” to facilitate the solution of an agency problem—the regulation of self-interested producers as they worked to fulfill plans for heterogeneous products denominated in rubles. The system limited but did not eliminate producers' opportunistic behavior, which took the form of inflating the plan prices of new products. Through the 1930s and 1940s the “unchanged” prices proved resistant to reform, and following their abolition in 1950 the system was soon afterwards reinstated with a new base year. The history of the “unchanged” prices illustrates the limits of command.