Evaluation of a Hybrid Seed Contract between Smallholders and a Multinational Company in East Java, Indonesia
用交易成本方法分析了印尼小农户与跨国公司之间的杂交种子合同，发现合同偏向有更多灌溉土地的农户，提高了资本回报和福利，但增加了非家庭劳动和化学品使用强度。
This article evaluates a hybrid seed contract between Indonesian smallholders and Pioneer Hybrid International. A transaction cost approach was used to analyse contract participation, total farm gross margins and labour and chemical use. The empirical results suggest: (a) the contract favours farmers with more irrigated land; (b) the contract improved returns to farm capital and was welfare improving; (c) the contract increased the demand for non-family labour, particularly female labour; and (d) the contract increased the intensity of chemical use. The success of the contract was attributed to the nature of the contracting process, which was between Pioneer and grower groups and not individual smallholders.