HEROES FOR PRESENT PURPOSES?— A LOOK AT THE CHANGING IDEA OF COMMUNAL LAND OWNERSHIP IN BRITAIN: PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
回顾过去三百年英国关于土地共有（通常指国有）的论点，分析乌托邦主义者、经济学家、普及者和政治家的主张，并探讨当前土地所有权问题（如非市场效应、不劳增值、地主-佃户关系）中产权变革的可能作用。
The suggestion that land should be owned communally (usually nationally) has often been put forward in Britain during the last three hundred years. The paper reviews the arguments as they have been developed by Utopians, Economists, Popularisers and Politicians. It argues that, though current problems are different from those addressed in the past, the history of the idea of communal ownership still offers insights that have current relevance. As far as rural land is concerned, the problems associated with ownership rights are those that relate either to non‐market effects or to the ‘unearned increment’ or to landlord/tenant relationships. Suggestions are made as to the part that changes in property rights might play in handling these problems today. ‘To whomsoever the soil at any time belongs, to him belong the fruits of it. White parasols and elephants mad with pride are the flowers of a grant of land.’