Contextual and Rater Factors Affecting Rating Behavior
综述了组织情境因素（如制度约束）和评分者个人特质（如人格、信念）如何系统性地影响评分准确性、区分度和宽严度，对绩效评估实践有参考价值。
Recent performance appraisal research has highlighted the important role played by contextual and individual factors in shaping rating behavior. This article reviews cumulated empirical data supporting the proposition that in factors and constraints present in the organization, contexts in which appraisal systems reside and rater attributes, such as personality factors or beliefs, systematically affect rating behavior. The effects of these context and rater factors are reflected in ratings accuracy, ratings discrimination among raters/dimensions, and rating elevation.