Dysfunctional Effects of Formal Planning: Two Theoretical Explanations.
用库恩的范式发展概念和辩证唯物主义，说明正式规划如何引发组织内部矛盾并危及组织生存，并讨论解决方法和实证研究问题。
Kuhn's (1970, 1974) concept of paradigm development and the concept of dialectical materialism are used to demonstrate how formal planning may cause intraorganizational contradictions and endanger an organization's viability. These concepts are integrated by a model of planning dysfunctionalities. Ways to resolve such contradictions are discussed, and questions are suggested for empirical investigation.