Job Performance, Turnover, and Wage Growth
发现员工离职对其工作绩效具有负向选择性：在约17人的企业中，入职头几个月生产率低于平均水平一个标准差（21%）的员工，在随后一年内被解雇或开除的概率高11个百分点，主动辞职的概率高7个百分点。
This article presents evidence that turnover is negatively selective on a worker's job performance. At establishments with about seventeen employees, workers who are one standard deviation (21 percent) less productive than average during the first few months on the job are 11 percentage points more likely to be laid off or fired and 7 percentage points more likely to quit during the succeeding year. At large nonunion establishments and in small labor markets, productivity has large effects on involuntary separations, but almost no effect on quits. Productivity appears to be positively related to layoffs and quits at unionized establishments. Copyright 1990 by University of Chicago Press.