Estimating Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Quality in the Presence of Item Nonresponse Bias
针对条件价值评估调查中支付卡法的项目无应答问题，应用分组数据样本选择估计技术，在给定受访者是否回答支付意愿问题的条件下插补缺失值，从而更有效地估计支付意愿。
This article deals with the problem of item nonresponse in contingent valuation surveys using a payment‐card method, by applying a grouped‐data sample‐selection estimation technique that is capable of imputing the missing values conditional upon a respondent's decision to answer a willingness‐to‐pay question. The advantage of the technique lies in its ability to utilize all of the information in the sample, permitting a more efficient estimation in the presence of item nonresponse bias. The major determinants of willingness to pay appear to be household income, number of children, education, perception of existing water quality, and identification with environmental issues.