The Transformation of Industrial Apprenticeship in the United States
研究了1880年代至1930年间美国学徒制从雇主主导转向工会主导的转型，分析了雇主利用保证金制度控制学徒的机制及其引发的冲突。
Between the 1880s and 1930s, apprenticeship was transformed from an institution dominated by employers to one dominated by unions. Prior to this transformation, employers leveraged their ability to hire, fire, and discipline at will by requiring apprentices to post forfeitable performance bonds. Despite their financial interest in the resolution of contract disputes, employers who withheld employees' bonds judged their own cases. Agency theory helps explain the use and abuse of bonding schemes and their role in the subsequent transformation of apprenticeship.