INSTITUTIONS AND MARKET DISTORTIONS: INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE FOR TOBACCO
利用三种烟草的跨国面板数据，研究了制度因素（如营销机构、政治体制、税收能力）对农业保护水平的影响，发现经济发展和直接税制提高保护，而先进多元民主国家保护较低，反烟团体反而刺激烟农游说导致更高保护。
The link between institutional factors and agricultural protection levels is investigated using cross‐section time series data on three tobacco types. The analysis includes the presence of monopsonistic marketing agencies, political institutions, and the feasibility of tax revenue collection and diversification. Protection increases with economic development and with well functioning direct taxation systems, but tends to be lower in the most advanced pluralistic democracies. The presence of strong anti‐smoking interest groups seems to galvanise the lobbying effort of tobacco farmers — higher protection is associated with that presence.