Sources of Competitiveness of the United States and of its Multinational Firms
比较了决定美国出口竞争力与美国跨国公司出口竞争力的行业特征，发现高研发和人力资本强度与美国出口份额正相关，且对跨国公司份额影响更强，而高劳动含量则与低份额相关。
This paper compares the industry characteristics that determine U.S. export competitiveness with those that affect the export competitiveness of U.S. multinationals. Higher R&D and human capital intensities are associated with high U.S. shares in exports and, more strongly with high U.S. multinationals' shares, and higher labor content with low shares. Within the multinationals, high R&D intensity leads to a larger share of the firms' exports being supplied from the U.S. parent. The higher the labor intensity and the level of advertising expenditures in an industry, the larger the proportion of the firms' exports supplied by the foreign affiliates. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.