Changing Vertical Integration Strategies under Pressure from Foreign Competition: The Case of US and German Multinationals
研究了外国竞争压力如何影响企业纵向整合策略，发现美国企业在进口和外资压力下均会减少纵向整合，而德国企业仅对进口压力有类似反应。
abstract This study contributes to the emerging body of research into the influence of foreign competition on firm scope. Industrial organization economics, the resource‐based view of the firm, and transaction cost economics consistently predict vertical de‐integration in the face of intensifying pressure from imports and foreign direct investment. We show this was the case for 407 US firms between 1987 and 2003. Results for a panel of 95 German firms reveal a similar reaction to pressure from an increase in imports, but show no reaction to increased exposure to incoming foreign direct investment during the same time frame.