The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior
研究家庭和学校环境如何影响儿童破坏性行为的性别差距，发现男孩在单亲家庭中表现更差，且非认知能力对家庭投入的反应比女孩更敏感。
This paper explores the importance of the home and school environments in explaining the gender gap in disruptive behavior. We document large differences in the gender gap across key features of the home environment—boys do especially poorly in broken families. In contrast, we find little impact of the early school environment on noncognitive gaps. Differences in endowments explain a small part of boys' noncognitive deficit in single-mother families. More importantly, noncognitive returns to parental inputs differ markedly by gender. Broken families are associated with worse parental inputs, and boys' noncognitive development, unlike that of girls', appears extremely responsive to such inputs.