Capability building through adversarial relationships: a replication and extension of Clarke and Roome (1999)
研究了英荷食品与个人护理公司如何在对抗性关系中（如与消费者代表和环保活动家的冲突）仍能构建能力，发现敌对环境不仅影响能力构建过程也影响能力内容。
Abstract Cooperative interorganizational relationships are seen by many as indispensable vehicles for accessing external knowledge and accumulating capabilities. Surprisingly, the question of whether companies can also build capabilities through adversarial relationships has received little attention. This paper reports a study of the learning–action network of a major Anglo‐Dutch food and personal care company. The firm's present relationships with consumer representatives and environmental activists are strongly adversarial, due to the recent introduction of genetically modified ingredients. The study shows that companies can still build capabilities in a hostile environment, but that adversity influences capability building processes as well as capability content. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.