An Analysis of Cooperative Research and Development
分析企业合作研发的效应，发现行业范围协议在市场竞争弱、研发溢出高、技术共享可行且涉及基础研究时对社会有益，但免费交叉许可会降低创新水平。
I analyze the effects of cooperative research, whereby member firms agree to share the costs andfruits of a research project before they undertake it. In this model industrywide agreements tend to have socially beneficial effects when the degree ofproduct market competition is low, when there are R&D spillovers in the absence of cooperation, when a high degree of sharing is technologically feasible, and when the agreement concerns basic research rather than development activities. I show that a royalty-free cross-licensing agreement among any number offirms lowers the equilibrium level of innovation even though it increases the efficiency of R&D through sharing.