A Theory of Misgovernance
解释政府官僚机构为何常出现繁文缛节、腐败和激励不足，指出市场失灵和政府内部代理问题两个关键因素，并说明这些问题在低发展水平和处理贫困人群的官僚机构中更为严重。
This paper tries to explain why government bureaucracies are often associated with red tape, corruption, and lack of incentives. The paper identifies two specific ingredients that together can provide an explanation: the fact that governments often act precisely in situations where markets fail and the presence of agency problems within the government. We show that these problems are exacerbated at low levels of development and in bureaucracies dealing with poor people. We also argue that we need to posit the existence of a welfare-oriented constituency within the government in order to explain red tape and corruption.