The dynamics of learning alliances: competition, cooperation, and relative scope
研究了学习联盟中合作与竞争的张力如何影响企业投资行为，提出“相对范围”概念解释外部机会如何影响内部行为，并探讨企业偏离最优模式的原因。
We show how the tension between cooperation and competition affects the dynamics of learning alliances. ‘Private benefits’ and ‘common benefits’ differ in the incentives that they create for investment in learning. The competitive aspects of alliances are most severe when a firm's ratio of private to common benefits is high. We introduce a measure, ‘relative scope’ of a firm in an alliance, to show that the opportunity set of each firm outside an alliance crucially impacts its behavior within the alliance. Finally, we suggest why firms might deviate from the theoretically optimal behavior patterns. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.