Because It Is There: The Challenge of Mountaineering... for Utility Theory
论文提出自我信号、目标完成、掌握感和意义四种效用来源，以登山为例说明这些动机对人类行为的重要性，并指出其广泛适用于经济与非经济活动。
I argue that four sources of utility that have rarely been incorporated into economic analyses--self-signaling (self-esteem), goal completion, mastery, and meaning--constitute extremely important motives in human behavior. I illustrate the importance of these motives by drawing upon the mountaineering literature. After showing that mountaineering can not possibly be understood as a consumption experience--i.e., an experience that directly yields sensory or mental pleasure--I argue that it can be explained, at least in part, on the basis of these four motives. Moreover, the importance of these motives is not limited to mountaineering, but extends to many if not most economic and noneconomic activities. Copyright 1999 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG