A General Index of Technical Change
提出一种在一般生产技术框架下估计技术变迁指数的方法，利用企业面板数据和时间虚拟变量进行非线性估计，可处理非中性和规模扩张型技术变迁。基于30家电力公司1951-78年数据的分析表明，1970年代生产率下降主要源于硫氧化物限制和因峰值负荷需求快速增长导致的产能利用率下降。
This paper outlines a procedure for estimating a general index of technical change within the context of a quite general production technology. Specifically, when panel data are available for firms in an industry, time-specific dummies can be combined in a nonlinear estimation procedure to yield a general index of technical change that may be both nonneutral and scale augmenting. This approach offers numerous advantages over the traditional time trend representation of technical change. For example, the general index can serve as the basis for analysis of the determinants of technical change. Results for a sample of 30 electric utilities over the period 1951-78 show that the productivity decline of the 1970s can be attributed primarily to sulphur oxide restrictions and secularly declining capacity utilization due to rapidly increasing peak-load demands.