Quality Uncertainty Mitigates Product Differentiation
提出，当消费者对商品质量信息不完全时，卖家进行水平产品差异化的动力会减弱，可能导致均衡中出现最小差异化，即企业倾向于在同一地点聚集进行正面竞争，而消费者可能从不完全质量信息中获益。
I present the idea that imperfect information about the (vertical) quality characteristics of goods reduces the sellers' incentives for horizontal product As a result, the equilibrium outcome may be characterized by minimum differentiation. In a spatial framework this implies that firms tend to choose head-on competition by agglomerating at the same location. It may happen that consumers benefit from imperfect information about product quality.