The American Challenge of the Twenties: Multinationals and the European Motor Industry
研究了1920年代美国汽车公司对欧洲的直接投资，源于技术差距和国际收支问题，以及欧洲企业通过引进机器和人才来竞争而不被完全收购的替代方案。
The different rates of technical progress in Western Europe and the United States, exemplified by the motor industry, created a problem of adjustment in international payments by the 1920s. American direct investment in manufacturing in Europe was a manifestation of technological superiority and a partial solution to the payments problem. The scale of their operations gave the American motor vehicle firms an advantage even in foreign production. An alternative way of closing the technological gap, the transfer of machine tools and trained men from America to Europe, allowed the European motor vehicle producers to compete without becoming entirely American-owned.