Uneven Development in the Nineteenth Century: A Comparison of the Habsburg Empire and the United States
以地区（而非国家）为分析单位，比较哈布斯堡帝国东部腹地与美国南部的相对落后，发现市场联系弱和制度僵化是主因，封建制度与奴隶制分别阻碍了发展。
Unlike most studies of uneven development before World War I, this paper uses the region (not the nation) as the unit of study. Weak market links with the national market partially explain persisting relative backwardness in the Habsburg Empire's eastern hinterland and in the American South. Even if product and factor markets had been perfectly integrated, institutional rigidities would have greatly retarded development. In the Empire, growth emerged in the west where serfdom was weakening and spread slowly as feudal institutions decayed. In America, capitalistic institutions promoted development in the North more thoroughly than did slavery and postbellum institutions in the South.